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Thyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibodies are a marker for the presence of autoimmune thyroid disease. The main function of TPO is to detect the level of iodination of tyrosine residues in thyroglobulin and phenoxy-ester formation between pairs of iodinated tyrosines to generate the thyroid hormones, thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine. Several disorders of thyroid hormonogenesis, including congenital hypothyroidism, congenital goiter, and thyroid hormone organification defect IIA occur due to mutations in this gene. Malignant thyroid tumors show irregularities in TPO level resulting in lower affinity for anti-TPO. This antibody may help us to differentiate between benign and malignant thyroid tumors.