Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) consists of an array of morphologically and genetically distinct tumors, the most prevalent of which are clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), papillary RCC (pRCC) and chromophobe RCC (chRCC).

Prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) are the most frequent and deadly pathologies of the prostate gland. It is estimated that in 2018, 164,690 new cases and 29,430 deaths may occur due to prostate cancer in the United States of America.

Like many cancers, breast cancers are highly diverse with a range of distinct clinical outcomes. Breast cancers dependent on hormone signaling (estrogen receptor [ER]/ progesterone receptor [PR]) or on epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2/neu) typically have the most positive prognosis.

Lung cancer represents a heterogeneous group of tumors comprised of mostly squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) and adenocarcinomas (AD). These tumors can be challenging to classify due to heterogeneity, sampling and lack of differentiation.

Breast cancer represents a heterogeneous group of tumors characterized by a wide range of clinical, pathologic and molecular features. Genetic susceptibility to breast cancer is highly increased with mutations in breast cancer susceptibility genes (BRCA1 and BRCA2).

Breast cancer represents a heterogeneous group of tumors characterized by a wide range of clinical, pathologic and molecular features. Genetic susceptibility to breast cancer is highly increased with mutations in breast cancer susceptibility genes (BRCA1 and BRCA2). BRCA mutated breast carcinomas are commonly seen in younger patients and have a more aggressive clinical course.

Malignant gliomas are extremely aggressive and lethal form of brain tumors. Despite considerable advances in surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, the prognosis for patients with gliomas remains poor.

Cervical cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors of the female reproductive tract. It is the second most common cause of female cancer mortality. Cervical cancer is preventable and generally curable if detected early.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and cholangiocarcinoma (CC) are two highly aggressive malignant tumor types, associated with poor prognosis. Owing to their overlapping immunohistochemical profiles and morphological similarity, they are virtually indistinguishable histologically.